Newborn Breathing Patterns: What’s Normal?

April 30, 2023

Updated October 18, 2025 – Understanding your newborn’s breathing patterns can feel a little. The pauses, the quick breaths, the tiny sighs; it all looks so different from adult breathing. This guide, Newborn Breathing Patterns: What’s Normal? written with input from Let Mommy Sleep’s registered nurses and newborn care experts, explains what’s normal, when to call the pediatrician and how to help your baby breathe comfortably.

Reviewed by: Kathleen Hager, RN, BSN, Perinatal Nurse and Newborn Care Specialist
Edited by: Let Mommy Sleep Clinical Team

Your newborn breaths differently than you! This is because up until birth,baby’s lungs were filled with amniotic fluid. They didn’t need to breathe on their own because oxygen was received from the placenta! Adapting to breathing breathing air instead of fluid happens right away of course but the lungs and airway passages are underdeveloped compared to an adults.

Normal breathing patterns for newborns can vary depending on their age, activity level, and sleep state but there are general guidelines to keep in mind.

Here’s a breakdown of normal newborn breathing patterns:

40-60 breaths per minute

You can assess your newborn’s breathing by looking at their abdomen. Your infant’s abdomen rises and falls with each breath.  The normal rate is 40-60 breaths per minute in the healthy, full-term infant (counted for a full minute), and will vary depending on whether she or he is sleeping, awake, active, or crying.  (More info in this study on UptoDate)

Apnea

A baby born preterm, or before 37 weeks gestation, is at risk for apnea. Apnea is a pause in breathing for more than 20 seconds. For any parent, this is a very long time! The good news is that pauses that are 5-10 seconds long are completely normal.  These short pauses also called periodic breathing is commonly seen in preterm infants.  After 15 seconds, the baby needs stimulation to resume breathing such as rubbing his or her back, arms, or legs, suggested in this article on KidsHealth.org.  If your baby is prone to Apnea, the hospital will monitor this closely and may prescribe an apnea monitor upon leaving the hospital so you will know if baby ever needs stimulation.

Skin Color and Newborn Breathing

Another good indication that your baby is breathing well is his or her skin color.

• Pink skin = good perfusion of tissues = good breathing.
• Blue hands, feet, and around the mouth are actually normal in newborn babies too.   This is called acrocyanosis and is often seen the first few days of life while newborns transition to life outside the womb.
• Blue INSIDE the mouth is not normal and suggests that baby is not breathing well. 911 should be called immediately if this occurs at home. More on this below.

Luckily, breathing issues will resolve on their own as your baby’s brain and spinal cord mature and muscle tone strengthens. You can help your baby breathe best by laying baby on his or her back on a firm, flat crib or bassinet to ensure baby’s airway is open.

Obligate Nose Breathing

Babies are obligate nose breathers which just means they breath through their nose primarily. This is because they ae born with relatively small nasal passages and underdeveloped lungs compared to adults. It’s important to keep the space around their faces clear and have a bulb syringe on hand to clear any congestion.

Most babies start to develop the ability to breathe through their mouth around 3-4 months of age, as their airways and lungs continue to mature. Like adults, they will still prefer to breathe through the nose.

Grunting and Noisy Breathing

Parents might surprised by how LOUD their babies can be! Newborns often make noises while breathing, including during sleep. Grunting, snorting, or whistling are perfectly normal. These noises are usually harmless and may be due to their small nasal passages. Grunting in particular may also be due to normal digestion. Remember that the hard work of eating, digesting and ultimately passing breastmilk or formula is new to your baby’s system.

Sometimes grunting can be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), a common condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and makes baby uncomfortable. If grunting is accompanied by spitting up, irritability, and poor weight gain and you’re concerned, contact your pediatrician.

Newborn Breathing Patterns: What’s Normal? – Respiratory Distress

Below are signs of respiratory distress that while rare, require immediate medical attention:

• Rapid breathing – breathing faster than usual, taking more than 60 breaths per minute.
• Flaring nostrils – Flared nostrils during breathing show that baby is working harder than normal to breathe.
• Retractions – The skin between the ribs or under the ribcage may be sucked in with each breath.
• Grunting – Sounds of grunting with each breath, instead if just once in a while.
• Wheezing – Baby may consistently make a high-pitched whistling sound when they breathe.
• Cyanosis – The baby’s skin, lips, or nails may turn blue or grayish in color. This is different than acrocyanosis which is temporary and normal as newborns circulatory systems adjust to life outside the womb.
  • A new presentation of cyanosis is a sign of low levels of oxygen in the blood. New cyanosis is serious.
  • Persistent cyanosis is a sign of an underlying medical problem.
• Lethargy: Weak or unresponsive, with little energy to cry or move.

When to Call the Doctor or 911

Sign	What It May Mean	What to Do
Breathing pauses >20 sec	Possible apnea	Call pediatrician or 911
Blue lips/tongue	Low oxygen	Emergency – call 911
Flaring nostrils/retractions	Working hard to breathe	Contact pediatrician
Lethargy or poor feeding	Possible infection or distress	Call pediatrician ASAP

How to administer Choking First Aid to infants in an emergency.

Babies are born with relatively small nasal passages and underdeveloped lungs compared to adults. Overwhlemingly this is not cause for concern but parents and infant caregivers should always contact the child’s pediatrician if they’re concerned about baby’s health.

What Can Parents Do

To help your baby breathe comfortably:

• Keep baby on their back for every sleep.
• Use a firm, flat surface without loose bedding.
• Keep nasal passages clear with saline drops or a bulb syringe when needed.
• Avoid smoking or strong fragrances near baby.
• Stay calm; while most newborn breathing quirks are completely normal it’s never wrong to contact our pediatrician for reassurance and guidance.

Read Your First Week Home with Baby: Ultimate Q&A for more information like this.

LMS night nurse Kathleen Hager, RN, BSN who specializes in perinatal care of preemies, twins & triplets contributed to this article.